Infection caused by bacteria

Infection are spread through different means : Stool Contact with blood Sneezing and coughing Airborne disease Contaminated objects Direct physical contact The methods to reduce the spread of infection Make sure that everyone clean their hand before and after having the meal, visiting the toilet and changing nappies with soap and water Make sure that all the toys and quipment used for child are safe and clean Throw away food that has gone bad Keep the surrounding clean Keep the kitchen neat and tidy Standard methods of washing hands : hand washing is the best way to prevent germs from spreading and to keep ourselves from getting sick .Good hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of many illnesses, from the common cold to more serious illnesses such as meningitis, , influenza, hepatitis A, and most types of infectious diarrhoea. Some infections are caught when other people's dirty hands touch the food we eat. Hands and wrists should be washed with clean soap and w ater, using a brush if your fingernails are dirty.We should Dry our hands with something clean, such as paper towels or hot air dryers Identify when personal protective equipment should be used : Personal protective equipment (PPE) is special gear which is use to protect the wearer from specific hazards of a hazardous substance. PPE includes gloves, respiratory protection, eye protection, and protective clothing.Gloves should be worn whenever the possibility of skin contact with hazardous chemicals exists. When the possibility of chemical contamination exists, protective clothing, which resists physical and chemical hazards, should be worn. gloves should be changed whenever they become contaminated with the chemical. Make sure to check for pinholes before use, wash or decontaminate gloves before removing, and wash hands after removing.

Business Law and Freedom of Speech

New York City has dealt with vandalism and defacement of public property caused by unauthorized graffiti for decades. In December 2005, the city banned the sale of aerosol spray-paint and broad-tipped indelible markers to persons under twenty-one and prohibited them from possessing them on public property. Within five months, five people, who were all under the age of 21, were cited for violations of the regulations.Lindsey Vincenty, who was studying visual arts, was unable to buy or carry her supplies in the city, filed a suit, along with others, in the federal district court on behalf of themselves and other young artists. They claimed that the new rules violated their right to freedom of speech. The issue is whether these regulations violate the right to freedom of speech. RULE Freedom of Speech is protected by the First Amendment which â€Å"guarantees the freedoms of religion, speech, and the press and the rights to assemble peaceably and to petition the government. Symbolic sp eech, which includes gestures, movements, articles of clothing, and other forms of expressive conduct, is given substantial protection by the courts. However, there are reasonable restrictions. Expression – oral, written, or symbolized by conduct – is subject to reasonable restrictions. The court may allow a restriction if it is content neutral. In order to be considered content neutral, the restriction must be combating a societal problem.APPLICATION. The court was asked to enjoin (to prohibit or forbid) the enforcement of the rules. Symbolic speech is protected by the courts, but there are reasonable restrictions. The city of New York banned the sale of aerosol spray paint and markers to persons under twenty-one due to the vandalism and defacement of public property. Even after the ban was in place, five people, all under the age of twenty-one, were cited for violations on these regulations, and 871 people were arrested for making graffiti.According to the rule of re asonable restrictions, the court can allow a restriction if it is content neutral. This situation can be considered content neutral based on the fact that the restriction is combating a societal problem, being vandalism and defacement of public property. With that being said, these regulations do not violate the right to freedom of speech. CONCLUSION These regulations do not violate the right to freedom of speech because there is a reasonable restriction of content neutral.

Building and Managing Systems Essay

JetBlue and WestJet: A Tale of Two IS Projects The time had come for both JetBlue and WestJet to upgrade their reservation systems. Each carrier had started out using a system designed for smaller start-up airlines, and both needed more processing power to deal with a far greater volume of customers. They also needed features like the ability to link prices and seat inventories to other airlines with whom they cooperated. Both JetBlue and WestJet contracted with Sabre Holdings, one of the most widely used airline IT providers, to upgrade their airline reservation systems, The difference between WestJet and JetBlue’s implementation of Sabre’s SabreSonic CSS reservation system illustrates the dangers inherent in any large-scale IT overhaul. It also serves as yet another reminder of how successfully planning for and implementing new technology is just as valuable as the technology itself. Sabre’s newest system, SabreSonic CSS, performs a broad array of services for any airline. It sells seats, collects payments, allows customers to shop for flights on the airline’s Web site, and provides an interface for communication with reservation agents. Customers can  use it to access airport kiosks, select specific seats, check their bags, board, rebook, and receive refunds for flight cancellations. All of the data generated by these transactions are stored centrally within the system. JetBlue selected SabreSonic CSS over its legacy system developed by Sabre rival Navitaire, and WestJet was upgrading from an older Sabre reservation sy stem of its own. The first of the two airlines to implement SabreSonic CSS was WestJet. When WestJet went live with the new system in October 2009, customers struggled to place reservations, and the WestJet Web site crashed repeatedly. WestJet’s call centers were also overwhelmed, and customers experienced slowdowns at airports. For a company that built its business on the strength of good customer service, this was a nightmare. How did WestJet allow this to happen? The critical issue was the transfer of WestJet’s 840,000 files containing data on transactions for past WestJet customers who had already purchased flights, from WestJet’s old reservation system servers in Calgary to Sabre servers in Oklahoma. The migration required WestJet agents to go through complex steps to process the data. WestJet had not anticipated the transfer time  required to move the files and failed to reduce its passenger loads on flights operating immediately after the changeover. Hundreds of thousands of bookings for future flights that were made before the changeover were Essentials of Management Information Systems, Tenth Edition, by Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN 1-269-41688-X In recent years, the airline industry has seen several low-cost, high-efficiency carriers rise to prominence using a recipe of extremely competitive fares and outstanding customer service. Two examples of this business model in action are JetBlue and WestJet. Both companies were founded within the past two decades and have quickly grown into industry powerhouses. But when these companies need to make sweeping IT upgrades, their relationships with customers and their brands can be tarnished if things go awry. In 2009, both airlines upgraded their airline reservation systems, and one of the two learned this lesson the hard way. JetBlue was incorporated in 1998 and founded in 1999 by David Neeleman. The company is headquartered in Queens, New York and flies to 63 destinations in 21  states and eleven countries in the Caribbean, South America and Latin America. JetBlue’s goal has been to provide low-cost travel along with unique amenities like TV in every seat, and its heavy reliance on information technology throughout the business was a critical factor in achieving that goal. JetBlue met with early success and continued to grow at a rapid pace, consistently rank ing at the top of customer satisfaction surveys for U. S. airlines. Headquartered in Calgary, Canada, WestJet was founded by a group of airline industry veterans in 1996, including Neeleman, who left to start JetBlue shortly thereafter. The company began with approximately 40 employees and three aircraft. Today, the company has 7,800 employees and operates 420 flights per day to 71 destinations in Canada, the United States, the Caribbean, and Mexico. Earlier in this decade, WestJet underwent rapid expansion spurred by its early success and began adding more Canadian destinations and then U. S. cities for its flights. By 2010, WestJet held nearly 40 percent of the Canadian airline market, with Air Canada dropping to 55 percent. JetBlue is slightly bigger, with 167 aircraft in use compared to WestJet’s 88, but both have used the same  low-cost, good-service formula that brought profitability in the notoriously treacherous airline marketplace. The rapid growth of each airline rendered their existing information systems obsolete, including their airline reservation systems. Upgrading reservations systems carries special risks. From a customer perspective, only one of two things can happen: Either th e airline successfully completes its overhaul and the customer notices no difference in the ability to book flights, or the implementation is botched, angering customers and damaging the airline’s brand. Chapter 11: Building Information Systems and Managing Projects handle these problems. JetBlue ended up using its backup site several times. JetBlue had the advantage of seeing WestJet begin its implementation months before, so it was able to avoid many of the pitfalls that WestJet endured. But JetBlue had also experienced similar customer service debacles in the past. In February 2007, JetBlue tried to operate flights during a blizzard when all other major airlines had already canceled their flights. This turned out to be a poor decision, as the weather conditions prevented the  flights from taking off and passengers were stranded for as long as ten hours. JetBlue had to continue canceling flights for days afterwards, reaching a total of 1,100 flights canceled and a loss of $30 million. JetBlue management realized in the wake of the crisis that the airline’s IT infrastructure, although sufficient to deal with normal day-to-day conditions, was not robust enough to handle a cr isis of this magnitude. This experience, coupled with the observation of WestJet’s struggles when implementing its new system, motivated JetBlue’s cautious approach to its own IT implementation. Sabre had to adjust the flights using the new system. This delay provoked a deluge of customer dissatisfaction, a rarity for WestJet. In addition to the increase in customer complaint calls, customers also took to the Internet to express their displeasure. Angry flyers expressed outrage on Facebook and flooded WestJet’s site, causing the repeated crashes. WestJet quickly offered an apology to customers on its site once it came back up, explaining why the errors had occurred. WestJet employees had trained with the new system for acombined 150,000 hours prior to the upgrade, but WestJet spokesman Robert Palmer explained that the company â€Å"encounter(ed) some problems in the live environment that simply did not appear in the test environment,† foremost among them the issues surrounding the massive file transfer. WestJet’s latest earnings reports show that the company weathered the storm successfully, remained profitable, and ranks just below JetBlue and Southwest in airline customer satisfaction. Neverthless, the incident forced the airline to slow down its rollout of a frequent flyer program, as well as code-sharing planswith other airlines, such as American Airlines and Cathay Pacific. These plans allow one airline to sell flights under its own name on aircraft operated by other airlines. In contrast, JetBlue learned from WestJet’s mistakes, and built a backup Web site to prepare for the worst case scenario. The company also hired 500 temporary call center workers to manage potential spikes in customer service calls. WestJet also ended up hiring temporary offshore call center workers, but only after the problem had gotten out of hand. JetBlue made sure to switch its files over to Sabre’s servers on a Friday night, because Saturday flight traffic is typically very low. JetBlue also sold smaller numbers of seats on the flights that did take off that day. JetBlue experienced a few glitches—call wait times increased and not all airport kiosks and ticket printers came online right away. In addition, JetBlue needs to add some booking functions. But compared to what WestJet endured, the company was extremely well prepared to 403 Essentials of Management Information Systems, Tenth Edition, by Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc.

China's Economic Growth Appraisal through the Solow Model Research Paper

China's Economic Growth Appraisal through the Solow Model - Research Paper Example The short term implications include policy measures such as tax cuts as well as subsidies on investment that could affect the steady state levels of output but not the growth in the longer run. Furthermore the growth is affected in the shorter run only because the economy converges to newer steady state levels of output. In addition the rates of growth of the economy as the economy converges to a steady state are determined by the rate of capital accumulation alone. The rate of capital accumulation is the determined using the savings rate as well the overall depreciation of capital. In contrast the long term implications of the Solow model imply that the long term rate of growth can be determined exogenously only. A common method of predicting implies that an economy will tend to converge towards a steady state rate of growth depending only on the rate of labor force growth and the rate of technological progress. The Solow model accommodates for higher saving rates producing higher growth rates much like older models but it appreciates technological innovation more in the longer run compared to accumulation of capital. The key assumption of the Solow growth model is that the involved capital is subject to the law of diminishing returns within a closed economy. Mathematically the Solow model is represented through the interaction between five macroeconomic equations for GDP, change in capital, the macro production function, savings and changes in the workforce. These functions can be represented mathematically as below (Haines). Function Mathematical Expression M acro-production Function Savings Function Changes in Capital Changes in Workforce Where:  is the total production of the economy  is the multifactor productivity or technology  is the capital  is the labor  is the savings  portion of total production which represents savings  is the depreciation  is the net growth rate  is the time 2. China’s Growth as per the Solow Model The Solow model has been used extensively in various forms in order to decipher national growth in the longer run utilizing exogenous perspectives. The basic key assumption remains the same as above which is the diminishing returns of the capital within a closed economy model. Moreover the textbook Solow model relies on exogenous rates for capital accumulation, technological progress and population growth. The overall economic growth in the longer run is estimated exogenously through relying on the rate of technological progress as stipulated in the discussion above. However the basic textb ook Solow model cannot reliably predict economic growth so it is often augmented with structural terms. This text will not deal with the derivation of the Solow model’s mathematical implications as it is beyond the scope of this text but instead it will report on the primary equations utilized for the Solow model. The derivation for the mathematical expressions used in the Solow model can be retrieved from various economics studies relating the Solow model to economic growth (Ding and Knight) (Temple and Wobmann). Based on these researches the primary equations in use are: The equations listed above accommodate for structural changes, efficiency of the economy, changes in labor patterns, technological changes as well as residuals required for convergence. The model listed above was used along with panel data from a variety of sources such as PWT (Penn World Table), WDI (World Bank Development Indicators), and FAO

Does the Law of Defamation Strike a Fair Balance Between the Essay

Does the Law of Defamation Strike a Fair Balance Between the Protection of Reputation and Freedom of Expression - Essay Example The public naturally looks to the media to provide this information. The law of defamation has a greater impact than any other area of the law, on what and how this information is reported to the public. The law of defamation holds the publisher of information responsible for the accuracy of the information revealed. In the absence of the law of defamation, reputations would be harmed without remedies. However, the law of defamation must be framed so as to allow freedom of expression so that information released to the public has substance.2 It is therefore necessary that fair balance is struck between the protection of reputations and freedom of expression to allow for the free and fair exchange of information necessary in a democratic environment. In the UK, freedom of expression is a fundamental human right and although reputation is not a specific fundamental human right, it is connected to the right to privacy which is a fundamental human right.3 The right to privacy and freedom of expression are both provided for by the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and are applicable in the UK by virtue of the Human Rights Act 1988.4 There are tensions between the right to privacy and freedom of expression. ... formation in England and Wales and identifies the extent to which the law of defamation attempts to strike a fair balance between the protection of reputation and freedom of expression. It is argued that while there is a recognized need to strike a fair balance between protection of reputational interests and freedom of expression, the historical preference for protection the reputation prevails although in more recent times there appears to be a shift away from this preference. In this regard, this research study is divided into three main parts. The first part of this paper presents a review of literature in which previous studies on the tensions between the law of defamation emphasizing protection of the reputation and freedom of expression are presented. The second part of this paper will analyse the relevant cases. The third part of his paper will present an analysis of the material discussed in the previous two parts of the paper. II. A Review of Literature In a study conducted by Smet of the ECtHR’s decisions on cases involving protection of the reputation and freedom of expression, it was revealed that momentum has been building in the ECtHR jurisprudence recognizing a conflict between the two rights. In order to resolve this tension the ECtHR has used what has been referred to by Smet as an â€Å"impact criterion†.6 The impact criterion refers to an approach in which the court considers: ...the extent to which both rights would be impaired by allowing the opposing right to take preference. 7 With respect to defamation cases, the ECtHR is particularly appreciative of the important role that the press plays as a conduit for public information at its â€Å"contribution to ensuring the proper functioning of a democracy†.  

Job Redesign Strategies for a Healthcare Organization Case Study

Job Redesign Strategies for a Healthcare Organization - Case Study Example Healthcare today is rapidly changing and organizations, mostly due to financial and technological turbulence, are constantly undergoing re-formations, both small and drastic. Healthcare organizations such as hospitals are seeing re-organization of work processes, reductions in hospital staffs and changes in skill mix due to these changes and the most predominant effect that they have appeared to have on the performance of these organizations are not positive in nature. While some organizations do manage to turn this change into a positive force, most are ill adept at handling the re-structuring efforts and poor execution, as well as a lack of proper communication, can manage to do these organizations much more harm than good. This report aims to outline and suggest job redesign strategies in a way which can provide maximum benefit to the organization by creating a standardized redesign effort. The report also deals with laying out strategies which the administration of the hospital will have to take up in order to create an affinity for learning within the organization; practices through which employees can enhance their capabilities and work with increased efficiency Hackman and Oldham (1980, p.44) have defined work redesign as "changing the actual structure of the jobs people perform‘. While this may seem to be a simple term, in the context of a hospital, researchers agree that the type of redesign strategy that a hospital administration will take up will be directly linked to the generic strategy that has been employed by the hospital in matters other than the specific redesign. According to Das & Tonges (1995), hospitals can be differentiated into three broad categories in this regard: the Prospectors, the Analyzers and the Defenders. The organization that we are discussing is essentially a Prospector, it chooses to operate in changing domains and has a certain fluidity to its alignment with environmental demands and needs.

Compare and contrast two Jazz Big Bands Research Paper

Compare and contrast two Jazz Big Bands - Research Paper Example With these elements Jazz music introduced a new ‘Swing Style’ which spread across the country making Jazz even more popular and enjoyable. In this research paper I have chosen to discuss two very important Jazz bands – The first one is the ‘Benny Goodman and his Orchestra’ and the second is a modern Jazz band which is the ‘Thad Jones/ Mel Lewis Orchestra. 2 The years of Jazz that followed held great significance as major Jazz figures with their own inimitable style, aesthetic sense and technical skills emerged. Some of these greats on the Jazz scene were – Louis Armstrong (1932), Duke Ellington and others who set the stage for the progress of Jazz music. (Schuller, Gunther, 1989, pg.3) The socio-economic backdrop with the Depression on one hand and the Wall Street Crash on the other provided potent ground for the flourishing of Jazz. (Schuller, Gunther, 1989, pg. 4) The economic conditions were poor and unemployment was rampant and musici ans found it hard to make ends meet. It was during this difficult period that the ‘Swing Era’ emerged when Jazz became synonymous with American Popular Culture. Benjamin David ‘Benny’ Goodman, clarinetist and bandleader of the group, was crowned the ‘King of Swing’ in History during this period. Born in Chicago on May 30th, 1909, Benny went on to lead one of America’s most popular Jazz orchestras. (Benny Goodman- The King of Swing, www.bennygoodman.com/) It was his popularity that epitomized the Swing Era because his music was heard by both the Blacks and Whites equally as he strived hard to quench the thirst for Jazz music for the new mass audience and finally emerged as a ‘symbol of the era’. (Schuller, Gunther, 1989, pg. 6) Benny Goodman’s career began when he joined the Henderson band which was one of the best bands of that time whose form, style and sound was so remarkable and unique. An alliance was formed and t he Benny Goodman band went on to create history by shaping the future of Jazz. 3 Teenagers were swept off their feet as they craved for swing music and very soon they had a good fan following of Jitterbugs who went crazy for his music. (Benny Goodman, www.jazzhotbigstep.com/45801.html) One of his popular numbers that I listened to was ‘Swingtime in the Rockies’. It was an interesting dance number that was so foot tapping that I felt like dancing myself. It was rhythmic from beginning to end filled with staccato snatches from the clarinets and trumpets which were joined in by the trombones. The drums kept a steady rhythm right through the composition which was so energetic as it was fulfilling. (Benny Goodman, www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL47798F00A3AF3280 The music of Benny Goodman and his Orchestra is unmistakable because most of the compositions are so lively and energetic. One of the other songs I listened to is ‘Sing, Sing, Sing’ which featured in a f ilm titled ‘Hollywood Hotel’. Besides Goodman, the other players were Gene Krupa on the drums and Harry James – Trumpet. The song was fast paced and rhythmic and the orchestra played it flawlessly with the entire group joining in the last piece. (Sing, Sing, Sing’, www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mJ4dpNal_k The Benny Goodman Orchestra was the most popular swing

The role of mediation towards conflict resolution (with examples) Essay

The role of mediation towards conflict resolution (with examples) - Essay Example The paper tells that in the todays fast pace world of utter competition, in order to accomplish the goals and objectives, team working has become a necessity. The team or the group of people works towards a common goal where all the members are proficient enough to make decisions, solve problems, and share responsibilities. However, when one or more than one person works on a particular task or activity, discrepancies, inconsistent views or conflict is likely to occur generally. This is because every individual not only belongs to different backgrounds but also have lived diverse and dissimilar experiences in their lives, and thus, it leads to have diverse and dissimilar perceptions even when working on a common goal. In some situations, the conflict is nominal and may cause lesser amount of stress, however, in other cases; it might prove to have worse effects. Therefore, the understanding of the temperament and nature of the conflict is of great importance, which can lead to the con structive solutions as to how the conflict can come under resolution in a beneficial manner in order to improve the relationships that come under its affection. Studies reveal the fact that numerous causes can add to conflicts. In fact, when a person or a group of people comes under employment to perform a particular task that is contrasting to their needs or interest, conflicts is likely to occur. In addition, when the group of people has exclusive and independent behavioral preferences with respect to their mutual actions can also give rise to conflicts. A number of people do not have the ability or proficiency to communicate effectively and efficiently. Therefore, poor communication skills between people are also one of the prime reasons that can cause conflict. It has also come under observation that inadequate skills and knowledge are also one of the imperative contributors for creating a conflict amongst the people (Pahl,  Richter &  Rohrschneider, pp. 3-10, 2009). This is due to the reason that if a person in a group of people lack special skills or knowledge, the goals is unlikely to come under execution, which escalates the probability of conflict. The mentioned were few of the instances that can lead to conflicts amongst people, however, conflict resolution provides various solutions that can eliminate the differences between the people and improve or enhance their bond or correlation (Pahl,  Richter &  Rohrschneider, pp. 3-10, 2009). It has come to notice that culture plays a dominant, leading, and sensitive role in conflict resolution whether it is on a professional practice or in academic field. This can come under well understanding with the notion that in Western civilization, people in general opt for and promote open communication among disputants, solves their issues and outline agreements on a mutual basis that meet the principal and basic needs of both the parties. This means that the conflict resolvers make both the parties agree t o have a win-win situation where all the people under conflict get an equal satisfactory circumstance. A win-win situation is essential in the non-Western culture as well, but the way of resolving the conflict is somewhat different in nature (Avruch, pp. 24-27, 1998). However, while looking at the other end of the spectrum